In 1993 Kuz’minov and Osiko identified that the ‘disturbance??of stoichiometry in LN crystals is largely as a result of lack of oxygen in Nb2O5, employed being a raw content First melt (Czochralski approach) [186]. Accordingly, depending on its output engineering, niobium pentoxide can undertake a wide range of compositions Nb2O5?x. Consequentl